With the development of science and technology and the progress of the chemical synthesis industry, biological tissue substitutes suitable for the human body have become a reality. The progress of organizational substitutes will play a role in promoting development. In the 1970s, commonly used substitutes for biological tissues are: liquid silicone, ivory, dental materials, solid silicone, artificial bone materials and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.

Liquid silica gel: Widely used in my country in the late 70s and early 80s, liquid silicone injection for rhinoplasty, clinical observations proved that after surgery, it can cause persistent erythema, swelling, skin necrosis of the nasal bridge, swelling of the teeth, and even facial disfigurement. . In addition, the liquid silica gel can diffuse, infiltrate and penetrate around, and it is difficult to handle without clear boundaries. The United States has strictly prohibited its use. Many domestic scholars advocate the prohibition or caution.

Ivory: It has good biocompatibility and generally does not cause rejection. However, it is gradually abandoned for rhinoplasty due to its hardness, difficulty in carving and shaping, and animal protection.

Dental materials: The dental materials used for rhinoplasty are polymethacrylic acid and methyl ester (PMMA), which are one of the solid biological tissue substitutes used for rhinoplasty earlier. It has good biocompatibility and needs to be blended when used for rhinoplasty, which is easily contaminated. In addition to incomplete contamination before surgery, it is easy to cause complications such as infection, pain and rejection. The preparation of the prosthesis is more complicated and the operation is relatively difficult, so it has been rarely used.

Solid silica gel: It is a commonly used rhinoplasty material at present, which is a polymer silicide. It has been used as early as 1972. After more than 20 years of observation, although its complication rate can reach 5%-20%, it is still the current clinical preferred due to its good biocompatibility and low price. One of rhinoplasty materials. Its main disadvantage is that it cannot establish blood circulation with the body and form a tissue connection. It is only surrounded by fibrous tissue, so the skin can be penetrated in the weak tissue. Due to the contracture of the fibrous capsule, it can cause the surface projection of the silicone prosthesis. , And affect the appearance effect.

Artificial bone material: mainly refers to hydroxyapatite. It is the main inorganic component of human bone tissue, so it has good biocompatibility, non-toxic, non-teratogenic, allergenic, carcinogenic and other side effects. It has been widely used in stomatology and orthopedics. Since the mid-1980s, it has been used for rhinoplasty and cosmetic surgery. Its operation is simple and easy to shape. Especially for those with low nose bridge, the postoperative effect is particularly satisfactory. Because it has no supporting effect, it is less effective for people with low nose tip.

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE): From a medical point of view, it is an ideal substitute for biological tissues. Due to its good biocompatibility and unique microporous structure, it is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, non-sensitizing and other side effects, and human tissue cells and blood vessels can grow into its micropores to form tissue connections, just like autologous tissue. The effect of rhinoplasty is very satisfactory. The ePTFE rhinoplasty material was introduced from the United States in 1995, but its high price has affected its general application. In short, the choice of rhinoplasty materials should be based on one's own conditions, economic conditions, and the doctor's diagnosis and prompts before making a decision.

生物组织替代用品：膨体聚四氟乙烯

随着科技的发展及化学合成工业的进步，适用于人体的生物组织代用品已成为现实。组织代用品的进步，都会为发展起到推动作用。进入70年代，常用的生物组织代用品中常见的有：液体硅胶、象牙、造牙材料、固体硅胶、人工骨材料及膨体聚四氟乙烯。

液体硅胶：在我国于70年代末和80年代初期广泛应用，液体硅胶注射隆鼻，经临床观察证明，术后可引起鼻部发生持久红斑、肿胀、鼻梁皮肤坏死及肉牙肿，甚至毁损面容。且液体硅胶可向四周扩散浸润、渗透，无清楚界限而难于处理。美国已严令禁止使用。国内许多学者主张禁止使用或慎用。

象牙：有很好的生物相容性，一般不会发生排斥反应，但因其坚硬，雕刻塑形较困难，以及动物的保护，而逐渐被放弃用于隆鼻。

造牙材料：应用于隆鼻的造牙材料为聚甲基丙烯酸、甲酯（PMMA），是较早用于隆鼻的固体型生物组织代用品之一。有较好的生物相容性，用于隆鼻时需调合，极易污染。加术前不彻底污染，则易引起感染、疼痛及排斥反应等并发症，其假体制备较复杂，操作亦相对困难，目前已较少用。

固体硅胶：是目前常用的隆鼻材料，为高分子硅化物。早在1972年就开始使用，经过二十多年的观察，尽管其并发症发生率可达5％-20％，但因其有良好的生物相容性，价格低廉，仍为目前临床优选的隆鼻材料之一。其主要缺点是，不能与机体建立起血液循环，形成组织连接，仅为纤维组织包绕，故可在组织薄弱处穿出皮肤，由于纤维包膜的挛缩，可造成硅胶假体的体表投影，而影响外观效果。

人工骨材料：主要是指羟基磷灰石。是人体骨组织的主要无机成分，因而其生物相容性良好，无毒、无致畸、致敏及致癌等副作用。目前已广泛用于口腔科及骨科。从80年代中期，用于隆鼻美容术，其操作简单，塑形容易，特别鼻梁低者，术后效果尤为满意。因其无支撑作用，故对鼻尖低者效果较差。

膨体聚四氟乙烯（ePTFE）：从医学角度，是目前理想的生物组织代用品。由于其良好的生物相容性及特有的微孔结构，无毒、无致癌、无致敏等副作用，而且人体组织细胞及血管可长入其微孔，形成组织连接，如同自体组织一样。用其隆鼻效果十分满意。ePTFE隆鼻材料于1995年从美国引进国内，但其价格昂贵，影响了其普遍应用。总之，隆鼻材料的选用，应根据自身条件、经济条件，结合医生的诊断及提示，方可做出决定。 (ePTFE):  (ePTFE):